This might be a little basic for old hands in the market, but there is often a misconception among new entrants that the Forward Rate is a forecast of where the rate is going.
For instance, if on May 9, the Dollar-Rupee Spot rate is 52.82 and the Forward Rate for 30-June is 54.39, many people think that market is expected to be at 54.39 on 30-June. This is not the correct interpretation.
FUNCTION OF INTEREST RATE DIFFERENTIALS
In the forex market, the Forward Rate is not a forecast.
It is simply the rate at which the market is ready to transact today, for a future date.
Therefore, 54.39 is the rate at which the market is willing, on May 9, to transact for value date 30-June. That's it.
The actual rate on June 30 is quite likely to be either much higher (maybe 55.30) or much lower (maybe 52.00) than 54.39.
Yes, this does not seem to make sense. Why should the market transact at 54.39 for 30-June if the rate is not expected to be at or near 54.39 on June 30?
How can the banks (the dominant players in the forex market) risk a loss? The fact is that the banks are not taking a view on the future exchange rate when transacting a Forward Rate.
They are really lending one currency and borrowing another currency for the same stated value date (or maturity date) and the Forward Rate is calculated so as to bridge the interest rate differential between the two currencies.
Thus, neither of the banks on either side of the trade stands to make a loss from an interest rate perspective.
This is how the forex forward rate came into being and is arrived at even today.
The forward rate is simply a function of the interest rate differential between two currencies.
It is not the expected future exchange rate.
HERE'S PROOF
Hard to believe? OK, here's proof. The interest rates in the US and Europe being very low, the interest rate differential between the USD and the EUR is negligible.
As such, the forward rate for the EURUSD is almost the same as the spot rate. For instance, on May 9, the 3-month USD Libor is 0.47 per cent while the 3-month EUR Libor is 0.62 per cent.
Thus, the interest rate differential is 0.15 per cent and the 3-month EURUSD forward rate is 1.2978, which is almost the same as the spot rate of 1.2970.
If the forward rate were the forecast of where the market is going to be in the future, the implication of the above paragraph would be that the EUR-USD rate should not go anywhere for the next three months; or in other words, the rate is going to be same three months hence.
However, we know that this is not possible.
The Euro has at least a 66.7% chance of moving around (whether up or down) rather than remaining static.
Therefore, whatever else it may be, the forward rate is not a forecast for the future.
The above is especially true of forward exchange rates among countries which have allowed free flow of capital between themselves, or countries with full capital account convertibility.
Even in India, which has limited capital account convertibility, the interest rate differential between USA and India now influences the short-term forward rate to a large degree, especially given the fact that progressively larger amounts of debt inflows are being allowed into the country which the foreign investors are allowed to hedge in the domestic forex market.
MARKET MOVES DIFFERENT FROM FORWARDS
In India, the forward US Dollar is usually quoted at a premium to the Rupee, or, the Forward Rate is higher than the Spot rate.
If the forward rate were to be a relatively accurate forecast of future Spot, then the Rupee ought to have depreciated against the Dollar all the time, it should never have appreciated.
However, we have seen episodes of significant Rupee appreciation - from 49 to 39 (2002-2008), from 52.18 to 43.85 (2009 to 2011) and from 54.30 to 48.60 (2011 to 2012).
Yes, the Futures in other markets such as commodities, interest rates and equities, could be taken as the prevailing market consensus about where the market rates will end up in the future, but not so in the forex market.
This is a peculiarity of the forex market.
Most people who enter the forex market harbour this misconception initially, but it is thankfully corrected pretty soon.
(The author is Chief Currency Strategist at kshitij.com. The views are personal. He can be reached at >vikram@kshitij.com )