India's first socioeconomic census in over a decade, and the first comprehensive survey of the population in the post-reform era, has shown how life has radically altered for many Indians over this period — and how it hasn't.
Nearly two-thirds of households in India now have access to phones and LPG for cooking. But less than half the number of households have access to basic toilet facilities and over a third do not have access to safe drinking water.
These are part of the findings of the first phase of Census 2011 - Houselisting and Housing released by the Home Secretary, Mr R. K. Singh, here today.
Short on sanitation
As much as 63.2 per cent of the households own a telephone — 53.2 per cent of them a mobile phone — but shockingly, 49.2 per cent defecate in the open and 36 per cent households have to go out to fetch water.
According to the Census 2011 data, only 46.9 per cent of India's 24.66 crore households have a latrine facility. Jharkhand tops the list with 77 per cent of households having no toilet facilities, followed by 76.6 per cent in Odisha and 75.8 per cent in Bihar.
“Open defecation continues to be a big concern…. We have to do a lot in these fronts,” the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Mr C. Chandramouli, told newspersons.
Also, while 87 per cent of the households now use tap, tube-well, hand-pumps and covered wells as the main source for drinking water, only 47 per cent have the source of water within the premises. A good 36 per cent households still have to fetch water from a source located within 500 metres in rural areas and 100 metres in urban areas.
Experts say Government spending on water and sanitation is grossly inadequate. According to the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, Government spending under these heads has been on the decline, from 0.59 per cent of GDP in 2008-09 to 0.54 per cent in 2009-10 and further down to 0.42 per cent in 2010-11.
Fuel issues
Among the other Census findings, 29 per cent households now use LPG for cooking against 18 per cent in 2001, two-thirds still use firewood/crop residue, cow dung cake/coal, etc. Only 3 per cent use kerosene, the alleged ‘poor man's fuel', to subsidise which the Government spends nearly Rs 1,000 crore a year.
Nearly a third of households have to depend on sources other than electricity for lighting their homes — 67 per cent use electricity as the main source of lighting.
The number of houses has increased from 25 crore in 2001 to 33 crore in 2011, indicating an improvement in the housing gap in rural and urban areas.
Aditi.n@thehindu.co.in