From achieving stellar heights in Corporate America to being reduced to a convict in one of the biggest insider trading cases in the US, Indian-American Rajat Gupta’s stunning fall from grace has been improbable.

Gupta, 63, today was handed down a two-year prison term by US District Court Judge Jed Rakoff, who also ordered him to pay a $5 million fine.

The rise and fall of 63-year-old Gupta, who went from being one of the most successful India-born businessmen in the US to being called “deceptive and dishonest” after his conviction on insider trading charges, has been the stuff of legends.

The Diwali of 2011 saw Gupta surrender himself before the FBI after charges of insider trading were filed against him by Manhataan’s top federal prosecutor India-born Preet Bharara.

Early life

Born in Maniktala in Kolkata, Gupta is the son of a freedom fighter-turned-journalist father and school teacher mother.

An orphaned Gupta, who came to Harvard Business School on a scholarship after completing his B-Tech in Mechanical Engineering from IIT Delhi, charted an enviable career graph for himself.

Following initial years of struggle after his parents’ untimely death, Gupta topped his class at Harvard and applied for a position at McKinsey, but was turned down for lack of business experience.

After a professor personally intervened with the then head of McKinsey, Gupta joined its New York office in 1973.

In just over 20 years, he rose to the position of global head of the company, becoming the first ever India-born CEO of a US international corporation.

Gupta’s rise through the ranks of Corporate America was stellar with enviable posts like board seats at Goldman Sachs and Procter and Gamble, co-founder of the prestigious Indian School of Business, adviser to the executive leadership of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as also the United Nations dotting his resume.

Gupta was also a director of the AMR Corporation, the parent company of American Airlines.

The Rockefeller Foundation appointed him a trustee; he was named special adviser on management reform to then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and additionally served on the UN Commission on the Private Sector and Development and was co-chairman of the United Nations Association of America.

He was hailed as a poster-boy of Indians scaling great heights in corporate echelons abroad and his friends described him as a God-fearing, “first-class guy“.

However, after a stellar career that was 40 years in the making, it took only one year for Gupta’s downfall.

He was slapped with insider trading charges on October 26 last year and the shine and honour that had become synonymous with Gupta’s name began eroding after the FBI arrested him.

A US court held Gupta guilty in June this year of providing insider information to Galleon hedge fund founder and friend Raj Rajaratnam, in one of America’s biggest insider trading cases.

Beginning of the downfall

Gupta’s downfall began when his billionaire friend Rajaratnam, a Sri Lankan, was charged by federal prosecutors of running one of the biggest insider trading scams in US history.

Gupta had met Rajaratnam through another Indian-American McKinsey partner and ISB co-founder Anil Kumar.

Rajaratnam had made an anonymous contribution of a million dollars to ISB and in 2006, Gupta and Rajaratnam served as founding partners of a private equity fund called New Silk Route.

Gupta became the Chairman of the fund with a large ownership stake.

The two became friends and occasionally had lunch together.

However, federal prosecutors, who had Rajaratnam on their radar, used wiretaps and listened in on telephone conversations between Gupta and Rajaratnam as the two talked about boardroom discussions.

A July 29, 2008 telephone conversation between Gupta and Rajaratnam provides an “extraordinary window” into Gupta’s state of mind and willingness to breach his duties to please Rajaratnam, prosecutors have said.

In the conversation, after being asked by Rajaratnam about a rumour concerning Goldman’s strategic plans, Gupta “casually and without any hesitation or reservation” disclosed to Rajaratnam the deliberations of the Goldman board meetings.

Rajaratnam is currently serving an 11-year prison term for making millions of dollars in profits and avoiding large-scale losses thanks to confidential information he received.

The prosecutors played the telephone conversations between Gupta and Rajaratnam at Gupta’s trial this year and presented incredulous evidence of frantic phone calls by him minutes after crucial board meetings.

The jury convicted Gupta of substantive securities fraud counts relating to his tip-off on September 23, 2008 regarding the $5 billion capital infusion by Berkshire Hathaway in Goldman and Gupta’s tip on October 23, 2008 regarding Goldman Sachs’ negative interim financial results.

Gupta had denied any wrongdoing and deployed every arsenal in his armour to avoid jail time.

Friends rally around

He turned to his expansive network of important friends in high places to garner support for him.

From former UN chief Kofi Annan, Nobel laureate Amartya Sen to Microsoft Co—founder Bill Gates, about 400 acquaintances, former colleagues and friends wrote to US District Judge Jed Rakoff detailing Gupta’s philanthropic work, his otherwsie unblemished career and his track record of making significant contribution to charitable causes like AIDS/HIV, malaria and public health.

“I know most personally that the poor of the world have a profoundly capable and articulate advocate in Rajat Gupta,” Gates said in his letter.

The Microsoft founder had worked with Gupta when the Goldman executive had served as chair of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

Gates said while he was “not in a position to comment on any of the particulars of the case” against Gupta, he wanted to lend his voice “to round out Rajat’s profile as you consider the appropriate sentence for him.”

“Many millions of people are leading better lives — or are alive at all — thanks to the efforts he so ably supported,” Gates said in his letter.

Annan said Gupta has worked on many projects with him, including one on management reform at the UN in which Gupta was an adviser.

“I came to respect his judgment, and we became good friends,” Annan said in his letter.

“I urge you to recognise Rajat for the good he has done in the world, to give him the credit that he deserves for helping others and to take into account his efforts to improve the lives of millions of people,” the former UN chief said.

Gupta’s lawyer Gary Naftalis sought probation for his Harvard-educated client, saying Gupta is willing to live in Rwanda and work with the local government on health care and agricultural initiatives.

Naftalis said Gupta’s “once sterling reputation, built over decades, has been irreparably shattered, and his business and philanthropic accomplishments tainted.”

Probation is sufficient punishment

Gupta’s “monumental fall” is itself severe punishment and courts have previously recognised that “if used wisely, probation is sufficiently serious punishment to satisfy the statutory mandate that the sentence reflect the seriousness of the offence and provide just punishment,” he said.

Naftalis said Gupta could work with homeless and runaway youth and offered “a less orthodox but innovative proposal” of him living in the backward districts of Rwanda and working with local government on health care initiatives with particular focus on HIV/AIDS and malaria and agricultural development.

Bharara sought a prison term of 8-10 years for Gupta, who he said repeatedly flouted the law and abused his position of trust and in his “callousness and above-the-law arrogance” committed crimes which were “extraordinarily serious and damaging to the capital markets.”

“Gupta’s crimes are shocking,” Bharara said last week, adding that “a significant term of imprisonment is necessary to reflect the seriousness of Gupta’s crimes and to deter other corporate insiders in similar positions of trust from stealing corporate secrets and engaging in a crime that has become far too common.

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