Asian stocks started a new month on a cautious note on Monday, with the Bank of Japan's surprise policy easing sparking some buying but further signs of economic weakness in China and a fall in oil prices keeping investors on guard.
European stocks were broadly expected to open steady with spreadbetters expecting Britain's FTSE 100 to open up 0.4 per cent, Germany's DAX to open 0.2 per cent higher, and France's CAC 40 to be unchanged.
The greenback continued to benefit from the growing monetary policy divergence between the US and its counterparts in Europe and Asia, while bonds, especially investment grade debt, received a boost after Japan's surprise decision to introduce negative interest rates last week.
MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan edged up 0.1 per cent, after losing 8 per cent in January.
Australia and Japan led regional markets with gains of 0.8 and 2 per cent, respectively, while Chinese stocks slipped in afternoon trade.
"In the short-term, the surprise move by Japan will be a catalyst for global equities but it only underlines the weakness of the global economy and we need to see some strong economics data for a sustainable rally," said Cliff Tan, head of global markets research with Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ.
Monday's batch of economic data from China added to worries about the health of the world's second-largest economy and only increased calls for more policy easing from China.
China manufacturing data
Activity in China's manufacturing sector contracted at its fastest pace in almost three-and-a-half years in January, missing market expectations, while growth in the services sector slowed, official surveys showed on Monday.
"As deflationary pressures remain high, further reserve requirement cuts are still needed to support the slowing economy and permanently inject liquidity into the market," ANZ strategists wrote in a note. They expect a total of 200 basis points of cuts this year with a 50 basis points cut coming in the first quarter.
"In fact, refraining from further easing could risk an even weaker economy, which will then intensify depreciation expectation and capital outflows."
The Shanghai Composite Index fell more than 2 per cent, while the CSI300 index of the largest listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen falling by 2.2 per cent, extending its dismal performance from January.
January was the worst monthly performance for the Shanghai market since the 2008 crisis with more than a 10 per cent loss.
BOJ policy decision
The Bank of Japan said it would charge for a portion of bank reserves parked with the institution, an aggressive policy pioneered by the European Central Bank (ECB). Earlier in January, the ECB had indicated it could cut rates further in March.
"The fact that both the BOJ and the ECB suddenly showed additional easing stance after the markets' rout suggests policymakers in Japan and Europe share concerns and take actions," Masafumi Yamamoto, chief currency strategist at Mizuho Securities, said.
In contrast, the US Federal Reserve has so far stuck to the script that it will gradually raise interest rates this year even though bets have been pared back with Federal Fund rate futures pricing in barely one hike this year.
Elsewhere, fixed income markets cheered a fresh round of policy easing from a major global central bank with investment grade debt in Asia ending a torrid January on a high note.
US Treasury yields
In government debt, the rate-sensitive US two-year yield fell to a three-month low of 0.766 per cent on Friday before bouncing to 0.779 per cent.
The US 10-year debt yield fell to 1.93 per cent, edging near a double-bottom around 1.90 per cent made in August-October, also helped by speculation Japanese investors will go after US bonds as local bond yields plunge.
On Monday the 10-year Japanese government bond yield hit a record low of 0.05 per cent, while the two-year yield hit a record minus 0.100 per cent.
Negative interest rates pressured the yen, which traded briefly at 121.38 to the dollar, near the six-week low of 121.70 touched on Friday.
The euro was steadier at $1.08455.
Oil prices fell, with international benchmark Brent sliding 1.8 percent to $35.35 per barrel.
Still, oil has bounced more than 30 percent from a 12-year low hit less than two weeks ago, taking some pressure off reeling global equity markets but that bounce is proving to be fleeting.
A 19-commodity Thomson Reuters/Core Commodity CRB Index , a global benchmark for commodities edged higher and up more than 8 per cent from a 13-year low hit in late January.