China's fragile stock markets ended sharply lower on Thursday as oil prices gave up the day's rally from 13-year lows and other Asian markets went into reverse.
With tumbling oil prices indicative of slowing global growth, in which China plays a central part, the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index ended down 3.2 per cent.
That followed a morning session of up and down trade as the market lived up to a reputation for volatility, with moves amplified by low volumes.
The index has slumped more than 18 per cent in 2016, as China's currency has come under pressure and economic indicators have confirmed China's declining growth, putting the world's second-largest economy at the foreground of global investors' concerns.
At this level, investors who bought back into the market at the lowest point after regulators arrested a 40 per cent crash last summer are back to square one.
The CSI300 index of the largest listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen shed 2.9 per cent, taking its losses for the year to more than 17 per cent.
David Dai, Shanghai-based investor director at Nanhai Fund Management Co, said fears of a prolonged bear market were, nevertheless, overdone.
"With stocks having fallen so much, much of the risk has been priced in and another free-fall is quite unlikely, although the chance of a sustainable rebound is slim," he said.
The yuan has also had a volatile start to 2016, having depreciated about 5 per cent since August.
After jolting global markets by allowing the currency to slide sharply early in January, the People's Bank of China (PBOC) has kept a steady course for the yuan's daily midpoint fix in the last two weeks.
Thursday's fix was barely changed at 6.5585 per dollar. The market is allowed to deviate by 2 percent either side of the midpoint.
"The yuan is under depreciation pressure, but China has the ability to control its pace, and indeed the yuan has already stabilised," said Dai.
In the spot market, the yuan was at 6.5792, just a few pips softer than Wednesday's close, while offshore it was 0.5 percent weaker at 6.6100.
The central bank was also generous with liquidity ahead of the Lunar New Year holiday by injecting a net 315 billion yuan ($48 billion) into the banking system for the week to avoid a cash crunch during the long holiday.
It was the biggest weekly injection since January 2014, and came on top of other recent PBOC moves to avert any undue strains in coming weeks. The central bank had said on Tuesday it would inject more than 600 billion yuan through various lending facilities.
Hong Kong spillover
The PBOC has acted aggressively to deter speculators from shorting the yuan, also known as the renminbi (RMB).
On Wednesday, the central bank had said it would improve policy coordination to promote economic growth and curb financial risks, though it provided no details on steps or timing.
But the yuan's bumpy fall in the past in six months and a cooling economy have only reinforced market expectations that something will have to give.
Speculators have taken to using the yuan's cheaper offshore forwards market to wager China will finally devalue the currency around March or April.
Hao Hong, Managing Director at Research BOCOM International, said the consequences of China's attempts to manage its currency and support its stocks were spilling over into Hong Kong.
"Interventions in mainland assets such as the RMB and A-shares have prevented market prices from adjusting towards China's deteriorating fundamentals, and forced volatility to manifest in Hong Kong assets," he said.
The Hong Kong dollar fell to its lowest in more than eight years on Wednesday as the market tested the city's long-standing peg to the US dollar, though the currency was steady on Thursday.
Hong Kong's Hang Seng share index, however, dropped another 1.5 per cent to plumb lows not seen since August 2012, as concerns grew that the central bank would have to tighten monetary policy to defend the currency. ($1 = 6.5750 Chinese yuan renminbi)