The rumblings of a global trade war sent shivers through stock and currency markets on Friday after US President Donald Trump announced long-promised tariffs on Chinese goods and China retaliated with a pledge to fight to the end any such war.
Trump signed a presidential memorandum on Thursday that could impose tariffs on up to $60 billion of imports from China, although the measures have a 30-day consultation period.
Investors fear that the US measures could escalate into a trade war, with potentially dire consequences for the global economy. Beijing urged the United States on Friday to "pull back from the brink". "China doesn't hope to be in a trade war, but is not afraid of engaging in one," the Chinese commerce ministry said in a statement.
On Friday, China unveiled plans to impose tariffs on up to $3 billion of US imports in retaliation against US tariffs on Chinese steel and aluminium products. MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan fell 2.1 per cent as stocks across the region dropped. Shanghai shares were down 3.2 per cent.
"The economic impact on both China and the US will be determined by what form the tariffs end up taking. The effects are likely to be felt more strongly in the US and will increase both consumer and producer prices," wrote Hannah Anderson, global market strategist at JP Morgan Asset Management. "The equity market will bear the brunt of the market reaction. Most impacted will be the US, Korea, and Taiwan as companies domiciled in these markets make up a significant portion of the global production chain of Chinese exports."
Australian stocks lost 2.0 per cent and Japan's Nikkei dropped 3.5 per cent. Hong Kong's Hang Seng was down nearly 3.0 per cent, Taiwan shares slid 1.7 per cent and South Korea's KOSPI retreated 2.2 per cent. "A possible trade war between the United States and China is especially serious for the South Korean economy as it could directly or indirectly affect the country's trade with them as well," said Seo Sang-young, an analyst at Kiwoom Securities.
Setting the downbeat tone in Asia, the Dow on Thursday shed 2.9 per cent, the S&P 500 dropped 2.5 per cent and the Nasdaq fell 2.4 per cent. As equities took a beating, the yen, often sought in times of market turmoil, rallied against the dollar. The greenback fell roughly 0.5 per cent to as low as 104.635 yen, its weakest since November 2016. The dollar was down more than 1 per cent on the week.
"In the longer run, protectionist policies touted by the United States could be watered down, in turn limiting the negative effect on trade and the global economy," said Masafumi Yamamoto, chief forex strategist at Mizuho Securities in Tokyo, referring to the US decision to exempt some countries from steel and aluminium tariffs. "But until the United States makes such concessions, global stocks will be under pressure and the yen will appreciate, especially if China decides to confront the US measures."
The euro was 0.3 per cent higher at $1.2336. The dollar index against a basket of six major currencies slipped 0.3 per cent to 89.605. It has lost roughly 0.7 per cent this week, weighed down by a steady decline in US Treasury yields.
Yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury fell 7.5 basis points overnight as bond prices rose on jitters gripping the broader financial markets. The yield fell further on Friday to 2.792 per cent, its lowest in six weeks. The 10-year Japanese government bond (JGB) yield dipped to a four-month trough of 0.025 per cent.
In commodities, oil prices recouped overnight losses after Saudi Arabia said that OPEC and Russian-led production curbs introduced in 2017 will need to be extended into 2019. US crude futures were up 1 per cent at $64.92 per barrel after losing 1.3 per cent on Thursday and Brent gained 0.85 per cent to $69.50 per barrel. Other commodities did not fare as well amid the trade war fears, with copper on the London Metal Exchange extending a big overnight drop and falling to a three-month low of $6,640.00 per tonne. Iron ore futures on China's Dalian Commodity Exchange fell 0.5 per cent.