All of the gold on Earth may have come from ancient cosmic crashes between superdense dead stars, a new study suggests.
Gold, the most precious metal, is rare on Earth in part because it’s also rare in the universe. Unlike elements like carbon or iron, it cannot be created within a star, researchers said.
Instead, it must be born in a more cataclysmic event — like one that occurred last month known as a short gamma-ray burst (GRB), they said.
Observations of this GRB provide evidence that it resulted from the collision of two neutron stars – the dead cores of stars that previously exploded as supernovae.
Researchers said a unique glow that persisted for days at the GRB location potentially signifies the creation of substantial amounts of heavy elements – including gold.
“We estimate that the amount of gold produced and ejected during the merger of the two neutron stars may be as large as 10 moon masses – quite a lot of bling!” said lead author Edo Berger of the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics (CfA).
A gamma-ray burst is a flash of high-energy light (gamma rays) from an extremely energetic explosion. Most are found in the distant universe. Berger and his colleagues studied GRB 130603B which, at a distance of 3.9 billion light-years from Earth, is one of the nearest bursts seen to date.
Gamma-ray bursts come in two varieties – long and short – depending on how long the flash of gamma rays lasts. GRB 130603B, detected by NASA’s Swift satellite on June 3rd, lasted for less than two-tenths of a second.
Although the gamma rays disappeared quickly, GRB 130603B also displayed a slowly fading glow dominated by infrared light. Its brightness and behaviour didn’t match a typical “afterglow,” which is created when a high-speed jet of particles slams into the surrounding environment.
Instead, the glow behaved like it came from exotic radioactive elements. The neutron-rich material ejected by colliding neutron stars can generate such elements, which then undergo radioactive decay, emitting a glow that’s dominated by infrared light – exactly what the team observed.
“We’ve been looking for a ‘smoking gun’ to link a short gamma-ray burst with a neutron star collision. The radioactive glow from GRB 130603B may be that smoking gun,” said Wen-fai Fong, a graduate student at the CfA and a co-author of study.
The team calculates that about one-hundredth of a solar mass of material was ejected by the gamma-ray burst, some of which was gold.
By combining the estimated gold produced by a single short GRB with the number of such explosions that have occurred over the age of the universe, all the gold in the cosmos might have come from gamma—ray bursts.
“To paraphrase Carl Sagan, we are all star stuff, and our jewellery is colliding-star stuff,” said Berger.