Four, not seven, is the “magic number” when it comes to items of information the mind can cope with before confusion sets in.
A new analysis by a leading Australian psychiatrist challenges the long-held view of psychological lore of seven being the number, suggesting it might actually be four.
In 1956, American psychologist George Miller published a study in the influential journal Psychological Review arguing the mind could cope with a maximum of only seven chunks of information.
The study paper, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two. Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information”, has since become one of the most highly cited psychology articles and has been judged by the Psychological Review as its most influential paper of all time.
However, University of New South Wales (UNSW) professor of psychiatry Gordon Parker says a re-analysis of the experiments used by Miller shows he missed the correct number by a wide mark.
Writing in the journal Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Parker says a closer look at the evidence shows the human mind copes with a maximum of four ‘chunks’ of information, not seven.
“So to remember a seven numeral phone number, say 6458937, we need to break it into four chunks: 64, 58, 93, 7. Basically, four is the limit to our perception.
“That’s a big difference for a paper that is one of the most highly referenced psychology articles ever — nearly a 100 per cent discrepancy,” Parker said in a statement.
Parker says the success of the original paper lies “more in its multi-layered title and Miller’s evocative use of the word ‘magic’,” than in the science.
He said 50 years after Miller there is still uncertainty about the nature of the brain’s storage capacity limits: “There may be no limit in storage capacity per se but only a limit to the duration in which items can remain active in short-term memory“.
“Regardless, the consensus now is that humans can best store only four chunks in short-term memory tasks,” he says.
The full discussion paper includes many exemplars of the magic of ‘four’.