Globally respected as a symbol of resistance against injustice, Nelson Mandela brought an end to the much-despised apartheid regime in South Africa while spreading the spirit of freedom in the rest of Africa.
Incarcerated for 27 years through much of his youth, Mandela became the first-ever elected black President of his country, ushering in multi-racial democracy replacing the whites-only rule.
Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s principle of Ahimsa, especially his campaign in South Africa itself during his days as a lawyer, Mandela also preached against violence though the struggle against the apartheid regime was marked by violent incidents.
The 95-year-old Nobel laureate was one of the world’s most revered statesmen and was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour in 1990. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993
Mandela, who had been suffering from a recurring lung infection, died early today following a prolonged spell of ill-health.
His charisma, self-deprecating sense of humour and lack of bitterness over his harsh treatment, as well as his amazing life story, partly explain his extraordinary global appeal.
Mandela, who always praised Gandhi for his principles of ’Satya and Ahimsa’, at an unveiling of Gandhi Memorial in South Africa in 1993, had said, “The Mahatma is an integral part of our history because it is here that he first experimented with truth; here that he demonstrated his characteristic firmness in pursuit of justice; here that he developed Satyagraha as a philosophy and a method of struggle.”
“Gandhi is most revered for his commitment to non-violence and the Congress Movement was strongly influenced by this Gandhian philosophy, it was a philosophy that achieved the mobilisation of millions of South Africans during the 1952 defiance campaign, which established the ANC as a mass-based organisation,” Mandela had said in his address.
Mandela was born in 1918 into the Xhosa-speaking Thembu people in a small village in the eastern Cape of South Africa.
He was often called by his clan name — "Madiba".
Born as Rolihlahla Dalibhunga, he was given his English name, Nelson, by a teacher at his school.
His father, a counsellor to the Thembu royal family, died when Mandela was nine, and he was placed in the care of the acting regent of the Thembu people, chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo.
In 1941, aged 23, he ran away from an arranged marriage and went to Johannesburg.
Two years later, he enrolled for a law degree at the mainly Afrikaner Witwatersrand University, where he met people from all races and backgrounds.
He was exposed to liberal, radical and Africanist thought, as well as racism and discrimination, which fuelled his passion for politics. The same year, he joined the African National Congress (ANC) and later co-founded the ANC Youth League. He married his first wife, Evelyn Mase, in 1944. They were divorced in 1958 after having four children.
Mandela qualified as a lawyer and in 1952 set up South Africa’s first black law firm with Oliver Tambo.
In 1956, Mandela was charged with high treason, along with 155 other activists, but the charges against him were dropped after a four-year trial.
Resistance to apartheid grew, mainly against the new Pass Laws, which dictated where black people were allowed to live and work.
In 1958, Mandela married Winnie Madikizela, who was later to take an active role in the campaign to free her husband from prison.
The ANC was outlawed in 1960 and Mandela went underground.
Tensions with the apartheid regime grew, and soared to new heights in 1960 when 69 black people were shot dead by police in the Sharpeville massacre.
This marked the end of peaceful resistance and Mandela, already national Vice-President of the ANC, launched a campaign of economic sabotage.
He was eventually arrested and charged with sabotage and attempting to violently overthrow the Government.